Continuous Research
28-2-2025 - what about female pattern hair loss?
https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2018/july/female-pattern-hair-loss
Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is a prevalent condition affecting many women, characterized by diffuse hair thinning, particularly over the crown and frontal scalp, while typically preserving the frontal hairline. This pattern differs from male pattern baldness, which often involves a receding hairline and vertex balding.
Pathophysiology - The exact cause of FPHL is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic predisposition and hormonal influences. Androgens, particularly dihydrotestosterone (DHT), play a significant role in hair follicle miniaturization, leading to the production of finer, shorter hairs. This process gradually reduces hair density and volume.
Clinical Presentation - FPHL typically manifests as a widening of the central parting of the hair, with diffuse thinning over the top of the scalp. Unlike in men, the hairline usually remains intact. Patients may notice increased hair shedding and a reduction in hair volume, which can lead to significant psychological distress and impact on quality of life.
Diagnosis - Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on patient history and physical examination. Dermatoscopy can aid in visualizing hair miniaturization and excluding other scalp conditions. In some cases, a scalp biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other causes of hair loss.
Management - Treatment aims to halt the progression of hair loss and stimulate regrowth. Topical minoxidil is the first-line therapy, promoting hair growth and increasing hair density. Oral anti-androgens, such as spironolactone or finasteride, may be considered in postmenopausal women or those unresponsive to topical treatments. These medications work by reducing the effects of androgens on hair follicles. It’s important to note that treatment effects are gradual, and continuous use is necessary to maintain results. Oral Minoxidil is also a treatment option, usually at doses of less than 5mg per day.
Psychosocial Impact - FPHL can lead to significant emotional distress, affecting self-esteem and social interactions. Healthcare providers should address these concerns empathetically, providing support and counseling as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.
In summary, FPHL is a common condition with a complex interplay of genetic and hormonal factors. Early recognition and intervention are crucial in managing the condition effectively and mitigating its psychosocial impacts.
26-2-2025 - Can I take the minoxidil tablet for helping hair loss?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482378/
Minoxidil, initially developed in the 1970s as a potent peripheral vasodilator for treating severe refractory hypertension, has since found significant application in managing androgenic alopecia due to its hair growth-promoting properties. 
Mechanism of Action
As an antihypertensive agent, minoxidil functions by opening adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to membrane hyperpolarization, arteriolar vasodilation, reduced peripheral resistance, and lowered blood pressure. 
In the context of hair growth, while the precise mechanism remains not fully elucidated, minoxidil is believed to enhance hair follicle size and prolong the anagen phase of the hair cycle, thereby promoting hair regrowth. 
Minoxidil is available in both oral and topical formulations.
• Oral Minoxidil: Primarily reserved for cases of severe, treatment-resistant hypertension, oral minoxidil is administered under strict medical supervision due to its potent systemic effects. 
• Topical Minoxidil: Widely used for androgenic alopecia, topical minoxidil is applied directly to the affected scalp areas. It is available in various concentrations, with 2% and 5% solutions being common. Regular application is essential for optimal results, and discontinuation may lead to the cessation of hair regrowth. 
Adverse Effects
• Oral Minoxidil: Due to its potent vasodilatory effects, oral minoxidil can cause significant adverse reactions, including:
• Cardiovascular Effects: Tachycardia, palpitations, and fluid retention, which may precipitate congestive heart failure in susceptible individuals.
• Hypertrichosis: Excessive hair growth in non-scalp areas, observed in a significant number of patients.
• Pericardial Effusion: A rare but serious complication involving fluid accumulation around the heart. 
• Topical Minoxidil: Generally well-tolerated, but some users may experience:
• Local Irritation: Redness, itching, or dryness at the application site.
• Contact Dermatitis: Allergic reactions, possibly related to propylene glycol in some formulations.
• Unwanted Facial Hair Growth: Particularly in women, due to accidental transfer of the product. 
Minoxidil is contraindicated in individuals with:
• Pheochromocytoma: Due to the risk of exacerbating hypertension.
• Hypersensitivity: Allergic reactions to minoxidil or any component of its formulation.
• Cardiovascular Conditions: Such as ischemic heart disease, without appropriate medical supervision. 
In summary, minoxidil serves dual roles as a vasodilator for severe hypertension and as a topical agent for promoting hair regrowth in androgenic alopecia. While effective, its use requires careful consideration of potential adverse effects and contraindications, particularly with oral administration. Medical consultation is essential to ensure safe and appropriate use.
26-2-2025 - female pattern hair loss
https://www1.racgp.org.au/ajgp/2018/july/female-pattern-hair-loss
Just like men, females are affected by the conversion of testosterone to DHT, resulting in miniturisation of the hair follicle. Most prevalent from late 30's to 50's.
Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is a prevalent condition characterized by diffuse hair thinning, often leading to significant psychosocial distress among affected women. A critical factor implicated in FPHL is dihydrotestosterone (DHT), an androgen known to influence hair follicle dynamics.
Role of DHT in Hair Loss - DHT is a derivative of testosterone, produced through the action of the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase. While androgens like DHT play essential roles in male sexual development, they also impact hair growth cycles. Elevated levels of DHT can bind to androgen receptors in hair follicles, leading to their miniaturization. This process shortens the hair growth cycle, resulting in thinner, more brittle hair that sheds more easily. Over time, the affected follicles may cease producing new hairs, contributing to the progressive thinning observed in FPHL.
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis - FPHL typically presents as a diffuse reduction in hair density over the crown and frontal scalp, with the frontal hairline often preserved. This pattern differs from male pattern baldness, which usually involves a receding hairline and vertex balding. The diagnosis of FPHL is primarily clinical, based on patient history and physical examination. Dermatologists may utilize tools like dermoscopy to assess hair follicle miniaturization and exclude other causes of hair loss.
Management Strategies - Addressing the role of DHT in FPHL has led to therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing its impact on hair follicles. One such treatment is the use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, which decrease the conversion of testosterone to DHT, thereby lowering DHT levels and potentially mitigating hair follicle miniaturization. Additionally, topical minoxidil is commonly prescribed to stimulate hair growth and increase hair density. Early intervention is crucial, as treatments are more effective at slowing progression than reversing advanced hair loss.
Psychosocial Impact - The psychosocial effects of FPHL are profound, with many women experiencing diminished self-esteem and increased anxiety due to changes in appearance. Healthcare providers should approach management with empathy, offering support and counseling alongside medical treatments to address the emotional aspects of hair loss.
In summary, FPHL is a common condition with significant psychological and social implications. DHT plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of FPHL by promoting hair follicle miniaturization and altering hair growth cycles. Understanding the influence of DHT has been instrumental in developing targeted therapies that aim to mitigate its effects, thereby offering hope to those affected by this condition.
25-2-2025 - Revitalizing Effect on the Scalp After Injection with a Mechanically Stabilized Hyaluronic Acid Complex in Subjects with Androgenetic Alopecia
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11594759/
The study "Revitalizing Effect on the Scalp After Injection with a Mechanically Stabilized Hyaluronic Acid Complex in Subjects with Androgenetic Alopecia" by Siquier-Dameto et al. (2024) investigates the efficacy of a stabilized hyaluronic acid compound (CH) in treating androgenetic alopecia (AGA).
Twenty-six healthy volunteers with moderate AGA participated in the study. Each received six bi-weekly injections of 3 mL of CH using the micro-papule technique. Hair loss, thickness, and shine were evaluated through macro-photographs. Participants completed follow-up questionnaires at 40 and 90 days post-treatment to assess satisfaction. A dermatological evaluation was conducted to monitor treatment tolerance.
Results demonstrated significant improvements in hair thickness, shine, and density, alongside a notable reduction in hair loss. Dermatological assessments indicated excellent treatment tolerability without complications. At 90 days, 88.5% of participants reported enhanced hair appearance. The study concluded that CH treatment effectively reduces hair loss and promotes hair growth, suggesting its potential as a viable option for managing AGA.
23-2-2025 - what are some details side effects when things go wrong with anti-wrinkle injections on the face.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7874868/
In “The Whole Truth About Botulinum Toxin – A Review,” authors Henryk Witmanowski and Katarzyna Błochowiak provide a comprehensive overview of botulinum toxin’s applications, efficacy, and associated adverse events. The review categorizes adverse events into two primary groups: transient and benign events, and potentially serious events. Common transient effects include pain, edema, erythema, ecchymosis, and short-term hypesthesia at the injection site, which are similar to side effects observed with other injection types. The authors emphasize that when botulinum toxin is administered correctly, the incidence of these complications remains low. The review also highlights the importance of understanding the potential side effects associated with botulinum toxin treatments and suggests that proper administration and patient selection are crucial in minimizing risks. The authors advocate for continued research and education to enhance the safety and effectiveness of botulinum toxin applications in clinical practice.
23-2-2025 - How effective is topical lignocaine when applied to the face prior to skin therapies.
Author: Dr Kynan Nahrung MD
Topical lignocaine, a widely used local anesthetic, is commonly applied to the facial skin to alleviate pain associated with dermal procedures such as microneedling, botulinum toxin (Botox) injections, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy. Its efficacy in reducing discomfort during these treatments has been a subject of clinical interest.
Mechanism of Action - Lignocaine functions by inhibiting sodium ion influx through voltage-gated sodium channels in neuronal cell membranes, thereby blocking nerve signal transmission and preventing the sensation of pain. When applied topically, it provides localized numbness, making it particularly useful for minimally invasive facial procedures.
Application in Microneedling - Microneedling involves creating micro-injuries in the skin to stimulate collagen production, a process that can cause significant discomfort. A study comparing the efficacy of microneedling combined with topical PRP versus microneedling combined with topical botulinum toxin-A in treating atrophic acne scars utilized topical lignocaine for anesthesia. Patients reported that the application of lignocaine effectively minimized pain during the procedure, enhancing overall comfort and tolerance. 
Use in Botulinum Toxin Injections - Botulinum toxin injections are commonly used for cosmetic purposes, such as reducing facial wrinkles. While the injections are generally well-tolerated, some patients experience discomfort at the injection sites. The use of topical lignocaine prior to botulinum toxin injections has been shown to reduce pain and improve patient comfort during the procedure. Additionally, many dermal filler products are formulated with 0.3% lignocaine to further alleviate pain during injection. 
Application in Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy - PRP therapy involves injecting a concentration of a patient’s own platelets to accelerate healing and rejuvenation. The process can be uncomfortable due to multiple needle insertions. Topical lignocaine is often applied before PRP injections to numb the treatment area. Importantly, the use of lignocaine does not appear to diminish the efficacy of PRP treatments. Clinical observations suggest that lignocaine is safe to use prior to PRP therapy and does not interfere with the treatment’s effectiveness. 
Safety and Considerations - While topical lignocaine is effective in reducing procedural pain, it is essential to use it appropriately to avoid potential adverse effects. Over-application or use on compromised skin can lead to systemic absorption and toxicity. Therefore, adherence to recommended dosages and application times is crucial. Patients should be screened for allergies to local anesthetics, and practitioners must ensure that the skin barrier is intact before application.
Conclusion
The application of topical lignocaine prior to facial dermal treatments such as microneedling, botulinum toxin injections, and PRP therapy is an effective strategy for pain management. Its use enhances patient comfort without compromising the efficacy of the treatments. However, proper application and patient selection are vital to minimize risks and ensure optimal outcomes.
Sources -
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10085893/
https://www.aad.org/public/cosmetic/younger-looking/platelet-rich-plasma-secret-to-younger-skin
23-2-2025 - Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection for Rejuvenation of Photoaged Facial Skin
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30419125/
In this randomized clinical trial, participants reported significant improvements in both fine and coarse facial texture after a single PRP treatment compared to saline injections. At six months post-treatment, self-assessments indicated enhanced texture and wrinkle appearance on the PRP-treated side.
10-2-2025 - Injectable platelet-rich fibrin for facial rejuvenation: A prospective, single-center study
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32852873/
A significant improvement in skin surface spots (P = .01) and pores (P = .03) was seen at 3-months follow-up. Other variables, such as skin texture, wrinkles, ultraviolet spots, and porphyrins, showed a numerical improvement. FACE-Q scales that measure satisfaction with appearance all showed a significant improvement from baseline, including satisfaction with skin (P = .002), satisfaction with facial appearance (P = .025), satisfaction with cheeks (P = .001), satisfaction with lower face and jawline (P = .002), and satisfaction with lips (P = .04). No major adverse effects were reported.
14-1-2025 - How does the antiwrinkle treatment 'Dysport' work
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6316182/
Dysport® (abobotulinumtoxinA) is a botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) product utilized for various medical and cosmetic indications. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction, leading to muscle relaxation and reduced activity.
Mechanism of Action: Upon injection, Dysport binds to high-affinity receptors on the presynaptic membrane of motor neurons. The toxin is internalized into the neuron, where it undergoes proteolytic cleavage of SNAP-25, a protein essential for vesicle fusion. This cleavage prevents the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, resulting in temporary muscle paralysis. The effects are reversible as nerve terminals regenerate over time. 
Neurotoxin Content and Implications: A study by Field et al. examined the neurotoxin content in Dysport, Botox® (onabotulinumtoxinA), and Xeomin® (incobotulinumtoxinA). The research found that Dysport contains a higher quantity of neurotoxin per unit compared to Botox and Xeomin. Specifically, Dysport has approximately 2.69 ng of 150 kDa BoNT-A per 500 U vial, whereas Botox contains about 0.90 ng per 100 U vial, and Xeomin has 0.40 ng per 100 U vial. 
This higher neurotoxin content in Dysport may contribute to its prolonged duration of action compared to other BoNT-A products. The increased neurotoxin load could lead to a more sustained blockade of acetylcholine release, resulting in extended therapeutic effects. 
In summary, Dysport’s mechanism of action involves inhibiting acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction through the cleavage of SNAP-25. Its higher neurotoxin content per unit, as demonstrated by Field et al., may account for its extended duration of response in patients.
10-1-2025 - what are the side effects of taking systemic (tablet) DHT blockers
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27784557/
In the comprehensive review “Side Effects of 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors” by Trost et al., the authors examine the adverse effects associated with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (5ARIs), such as finasteride and dutasteride, which are commonly prescribed for conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia and androgenetic alopecia. The review highlights several potential side effects:
Sexual Dysfunction: The use of 5ARIs has been linked to a slight increase in sexual side effects, including decreased libido, erectile dysfunction (ED), and ejaculatory dysfunction (EjD). While these effects are generally infrequent, they can persist in some individuals even after discontinuation of the medication. The exact prevalence and persistence of these symptoms require further investigation to establish a definitive causal relationship. 
Breast Changes: Some patients have reported gynecomastia, characterized by the enlargement of male breast tissue, and breast tenderness. These occurrences are relatively rare but can cause psychological distress and may necessitate discontinuation of therapy. 
Psychological Effects: There is evidence suggesting a possible association between 5ARI use and psychological effects such as depression and anxiety. The data indicate a slightly increased risk, but the relationship is not fully understood, and further studies are needed to determine causality and underlying mechanisms. 
Other Considerations: The review also discusses the need for additional research to identify the prevalence rates and persistence of these adverse effects beyond drug discontinuation. Understanding these factors is crucial for assessing causality and guiding clinical decisions. 
In summary, while 5ARIs are generally well-tolerated and effective for their approved indications, healthcare providers should be aware of the potential for sexual, psychological, and physical side effects. A thorough patient history and ongoing monitoring are recommended to promptly identify and manage any adverse effects, ensuring informed decision-making and optimal patient care.
9-1-2025 - So if DHT causes hair loss, can I block it?
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5596657/
In the article “Mesotherapy with Dutasteride in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia,” Saceda-Corralo et al. explore the efficacy of administering dutasteride via mesotherapy for patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Dutasteride, a potent 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, reduces dihydrotestosterone levels, which are implicated in hair follicle miniaturization leading to hair loss.
The study involved administering dutasteride through mesotherapy, a technique where microinjections deliver the drug directly into the scalp. This localized approach aims to enhance hair regrowth while minimizing systemic absorption and potential side effects. Patients received treatment sessions at intervals of up to three months.
Results indicated that mesotherapy with dutasteride effectively increased hair density in individuals with AGA. Notably, the study suggests that even less intensive treatment schedules, such as quarterly sessions, can yield positive outcomes. The localized administration was associated with a favorable safety profile, with no significant systemic adverse effects reported.
While the findings are promising, the authors acknowledge limitations, including a small sample size and short follow-up duration. They advocate for larger, long-term studies to confirm these preliminary results and to establish standardized treatment protocols.
In summary, mesotherapy with dutasteride appears to be a safe and effective treatment modality for AGA, offering benefits in hair density improvement with potentially reduced systemic side effects. This approach may be particularly advantageous for patients seeking alternatives to oral therapies.
6-1-2025 - DHT is a cause of hair loss, but what is the role of DHT in the human body
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6459338/
In the article “Dihydrotestosterone: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Clinical Implications of Elevated Blood Levels,” Swerdloff et al. delve into the multifaceted role of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in human physiology. DHT, a potent androgen, is synthesized from testosterone via the enzyme 5α-reductase and plays a pivotal role in male sexual differentiation and development.
Biochemistry and Synthesis: DHT is primarily produced in tissues such as the prostate, skin, and liver. Its formation involves the reduction of testosterone, facilitated by 5α-reductase. Unlike testosterone, DHT cannot be aromatized into estrogen, which underscores its distinct physiological actions.
Physiological Roles: During embryonic development, DHT is crucial for the formation of male external genitalia. In adulthood, it contributes to secondary sexual characteristics, including facial and body hair growth, prostate enlargement, and maintenance of libido. Notably, DHT has a higher affinity for androgen receptors than testosterone, making it a more potent mediator of androgenic effects.
Clinical Implications of Elevated DHT Levels: Elevated DHT levels have been studied concerning various health conditions. Contrary to earlier concerns, research indicates that increased DHT is not associated with a heightened risk of prostate diseases, such as cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia. Additionally, elevated DHT does not appear to have systemic effects on cardiovascular health beyond those commonly observed with testosterone therapies. 
In summary, DHT is integral to male sexual development and the manifestation of secondary sexual characteristics. While it has been implicated in conditions like androgenetic alopecia, current evidence suggests that elevated DHT levels do not increase the risk of prostate disease or adversely affect cardiovascular health.
3-1-2025 - Plump faces, are fillers migrating
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2686337/
In the article “Review of Long-Term Adverse Effects Associated with the Use of Chemically-Modified Animal and Nonanimal Source Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers,” Paul Edwards examines the infrequent but notable long-term side effects of hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers, which are widely used in dermatology and cosmetic facial surgery. HA fillers, derived from both animal and nonanimal sources, have gained popularity due to their biocompatibility and effectiveness. While the overall incidence of long-term adverse effects is low, certain reactions have been documented.
Chronic Inflammatory Reactions: Some patients experience persistent lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory responses post-injection. These reactions can manifest as prolonged swelling, redness, and discomfort at the injection site, potentially lasting several months. Such inflammation may result from the body’s immune response to the chemically modified HA.
Granulomatous Reactions: In rare instances, the body forms granulomas—small nodular aggregations of inflammatory cells—as a reaction to the filler material. These granulomas can appear weeks to months after the procedure and may require medical intervention, including corticosteroid injections or surgical removal.
Foreign Body-Type Reactions: The introduction of HA fillers can occasionally trigger foreign body-type reactions, where the immune system treats the filler as a foreign substance. This response can lead to the formation of palpable nodules or indurations under the skin, which might be aesthetically unpleasing and uncomfortable for the patient.
Comparative Incidence: The article notes that while both animal and nonanimal source HA fillers are associated with these adverse effects, the incidence remains relatively low across the board. However, due to variations in individual immune responses and the chemical modifications of the HA, some patients may be more susceptible to these reactions than others.
Clinical Implications: Healthcare providers should inform patients about the potential risks, even if minimal, associated with HA dermal fillers. A thorough patient history and understanding of individual sensitivities can aid in minimizing adverse outcomes. In cases where long-term reactions occur, prompt diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial to address and mitigate complications.
In summary, while chemically modified HA dermal fillers are generally safe and effective for cosmetic use, awareness and understanding of potential long-term adverse effects are essential for both practitioners and patients to ensure informed decision-making and optimal care.
29-12-2024 - Role of growth factors and blood platelets.
In the article “Platelet-Derived Growth Factors,” K. Miyazono and F. Takaku explore the role of various growth factors present in blood platelets and their influence on cellular growth and tissue repair. The authors identify several key growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β).
PDGF is highlighted for its ability to stimulate the proliferation of mesenchymal cells, such as fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells, playing a crucial role in wound healing and tissue regeneration. PD-ECGF is noted as a mitogen specifically targeting vascular endothelial cells, thereby promoting angiogenesis. In contrast, TGF-β serves as a bifunctional regulator of cellular growth, acting as a potent inhibitor for most cell types.
The study emphasizes that while most growth-regulatory substances in platelets reside in alpha-granules, PD-ECGF is predominantly found in the platelet cytoplasm. These growth factors are suggested to function as “wound hormones,” becoming active at injury sites to facilitate repair and regeneration processes.
Understanding the distinct roles and storage locations of these platelet-derived growth factors provides valuable insights into their potential therapeutic applications in promoting tissue repair and managing various pathological conditions.
21-12-2024 - Review of the anatomy of the hair follicle
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470321/
The hair follicle is a complex skin structure responsible for hair production and growth. It comprises multiple components, each playing a vital role in the hair growth cycle.
Key Components of the Hair Follicle:
• Hair Bulb: Located at the base of the follicle, the hair bulb contains the hair matrix, a region of actively dividing cells that produce the hair shaft. The bulb surrounds the dermal papilla, which supplies nutrients and signals necessary for hair growth.
• Hair Shaft: The visible part of the hair, extending above the skin’s surface. It consists of three layers:
• Cuticle: The outermost layer, made up of overlapping cells that protect the inner structure.
• Cortex: The middle layer, providing strength and containing melanin, which determines hair color.
• Medulla: The central core, present in thicker hairs.
• Inner and Outer Root Sheaths: These layers encase the hair shaft within the follicle, supporting and guiding its growth.
• Sebaceous Gland: Connected to the follicle, this gland secretes sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the hair and skin.
• Arrector Pili Muscle: A small muscle attached to the follicle that, upon contraction, causes the hair to stand erect, commonly known as “goosebumps.”
Understanding the anatomy of the hair follicle is essential for comprehending hair growth patterns and addressing various hair-related conditions.
20-12-2024 - Can PRP increase hydration in the dermis
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11035968/
In the article “Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma for Skin Rejuvenation,” Phoebe et al. explore the efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in enhancing skin hydration and overall rejuvenation. PRP, derived from autologous blood enriched with growth factors, has been recognized as a safe and effective therapy for regenerative skin healing. The authors conducted a comprehensive review by querying databases such as Ovid, PubMed, and MEDLINE with keywords including “platelet-rich plasma,” “rejuvenation,” “skin aging,” and “wrinkles” to identify pertinent studies on PRP treatment for skin rejuvenation. Their analysis indicates that PRP treatments can lead to significant improvements in skin texture, elasticity, and hydration. The growth factors present in PRP stimulate collagen production and enhance dermal hydration, resulting in a more youthful and revitalized appearance. The authors propose a standardized treatment protocol to optimize clinical outcomes, emphasizing the importance of consistent PRP preparation and administration methods. They conclude that PRP is a promising, minimally invasive option for individuals seeking to improve skin hydration and combat signs of aging. However, they advocate for further research to establish standardized protocols and confirm long-term efficacy.
19-12-2024 - What is the effect on hydration of skin as we age
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1845280/
In the study “Skin Aging: Effect on Transepidermal Water Loss, Stratum Corneum Hydration, Skin Surface pH, and Casual Sebum Content,” Wilhelm et al. examined how aging influences various skin parameters, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration. The research involved 29 volunteers divided into two groups: 14 young adults (mean age 26.7 years) and 15 older adults (mean age 70.5 years). Measurements were taken from 11 different anatomical sites to assess regional variations.
The findings revealed significant anatomical variability in all measured factors across both age groups. Notably, TEWL was significantly lower in the older population across most anatomical regions, except for the postauricular region and the palm. This suggests a decrease in the skin’s permeability barrier function with age. In contrast, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and sebum content did not show significant differences between the two age groups in most regions.
These results indicate that while TEWL decreases with age, suggesting a less permeable barrier, stratum corneum hydration remains relatively unchanged. Therefore, the study does not support the conclusion that skin loses hydration as we age. Instead, it suggests that the skin’s barrier function becomes less permeable, potentially affecting moisture retention.
17-12-2024 - PRP's effect on dermal papillae
In the randomized, placebo-controlled trial “The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Hair Regrowth,” Gentile et al. evaluated the efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections for male pattern hair loss. The study involved 23 male patients aged 19 to 63 with androgenetic alopecia. Each participant received PRP injections on one half of the scalp and a placebo on the other half across three treatment sessions spaced 30 days apart.
Results demonstrated a significant improvement in hair regrowth on the PRP-treated side. Specifically, there was a mean increase of 33.6 hairs in the target area and an average rise in total hair density of 45.9 hairs per cm² compared to baseline measurements. No major side effects were reported during the treatment period.
The authors concluded that these findings “clearly highlight the positive effects of PRP injections on male pattern hair loss and absence of major side effects.” They suggest that PRP may serve as a safe and effective treatment option for hair loss, though they advocate for more extensive controlled studies to further validate these results.
12-12-2024 - Use of topical local anaesthesia on PRP
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33694196/
In the study “Effect of Local Anesthetics on Platelet Physiology and Function,” Dregalla et al. investigated the impact of various local anesthetics on platelet health, particularly in the context of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapies. The researchers exposed platelet preparations to lidocaine 1%, bupivacaine 0.75%, ropivacaine 0.5%, and saline at 1:1 and 1:3 ratios. They assessed platelet morphology, viability, intracellular calcium levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and adhesion using fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. The findings revealed that bupivacaine significantly increased ROS production, disrupted calcium homeostasis, induced apoptosis, and reduced platelet adhesion. In contrast, lidocaine and ropivacaine exhibited effects comparable to saline in most assays, with only a slight increase in mitochondrial stress indicated by elevated ROS levels. The study concluded that while bupivacaine adversely affects platelet function, lidocaine 1% and ropivacaine 0.5% are relatively safe when used at up to a 1:1 ratio with platelet preparations. Therefore, incorporating lidocaine or ropivacaine into PRP treatments can effectively alleviate procedural pain without compromising platelet efficacy.
